Recalling the Case for Sovereignty

In the spring of 2004, the question was whether forces of the American-led coalition in Iraq would fall under the direct control of the ostensibly sovereign government of Iraq. The United States has not been willing to put its forces under foreign control in the past and was not willing to do so in Iraq. If the interim government in Iraq, however, was heavily dependent on security assistance from coalition forces-in facing threats from an insurgency on its own territory-then it might seem a bit odd to insist that this vulnerable and dependent Iraqi government was entirely sovereign. The same European critics who argued that the UN must have ultimate authority on questions of war and peace thus seemed-with a certain consistency-to argue that the UN would have the last word on questions of sovereignty. The new government in Iraq could be fully sovereign if the Security Council decreed that it would be. Beneath the rhetorical posturing on all sides, debate over Iraq simply confirmed, once again, that there are fundamental differences between the way sovereignty is viewed in the United States, on the one hand, and by many Europeans, on the other. Whatever one\u27s view about the policy merits of the Bush administration\u27s actions in Iraq, there is every reason to think that international differences over sovereignty will continue to complicate American diplomacy in the future. But there are also very solid reasons to think the traditional American view remains deeply grounded in American thinking-and in intractable realities of international affairs. [CONT

Typhoid fever: clinical features

No Abstrac

Criminal Justice is Local: Why States Disregard Universal Jurisdiction for Human Rights Abuses

A German court recently convicted a minor Syrian official of abuses committed in Syria\u27s civil war. The case was announced with fanfare but has since stirred no interest. Nor should this be surprising. The world has been here before. There was intense excitement in 1998, when British authorities arrested Augusto Pinochet, the former president of Chile, for human rights abuses committed in Chile. It was taken at the time as vindicating the doctrine that the worst human rights abuses fall under universal jurisdiction, allowing any state to prosecute, even for crimes against foreign nationals on foreign territory. As generally acknowledged today, this watershed produced barely a trickle of consequences. Notably, no former head of state has been prosecuted by another state under this rubric. Commentators have remarked upon the disappointing results but not offered much to account for them. This Article is the first to address this puzzle by situating universal jurisdiction, as a technical doctrine, in the context of its broader impulse, sometimes called transnational justice -or previously, cosmopolitan justice. The underlying claim is that otherwise rivalrous nation-states can and should affirm a broader commonality in prosecuting offenses universally acknowledged to be crimes against humanity. Although the idea has inspired human rights activists, it has failed to engage prosecutors. In analyzing the resulting pattern, this Article makes two central claims. First, the recurring failures of transnational justice cannot be explained by the project\u27s novelty. Centuries ago, the most prominent Enlightenment thinkers endorsed a version of cosmopolitan justice. It was later advocated as a doctrine that might justify interstate prosecutions within the United States. Such doctrines have never been embraced, however, by courts or even by prosecutors

Wetting of grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained copper by liquid bismuth

In the present work, we studied the effect of liquid Bi on the microstructure evolution of ultrafinegrained Cu at elevated temperatures

Immunovirotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma

We have recently described a new murine model of glioblastoma, generated by the implantation of syngeneic glioblastoma stem cells into immunocompetent mice, that recapitulates the salient histopathological and immunological features of the human disease. We employed this model to demonstrate the multifaceted activity of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus genetically modified to express interleukin-12, G47∆-IL12

Why are some people with neurological illness more resilient than others?

The current qualitative study was designed to evaluate the coping strategies of people living with a chronic progressive neurological illness and their carers. The neurological illnesses were Huntington&rsquo;s disease, motor neurone disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson&rsquo;s disease. Participants included 15 people who showed high levels of adjustment and 15 who showed low levels of adjustment. Participants were selected from an earlier study, to ensure that they satisfied the inclusion criteria for the current study. Interviews were completed to determine the strategies used to cope with the demands of the illness. Participants who demonstrated good adjustment were more likely to draw on social support to provide them with the resources to deal with the illness. In contrast, those who evidenced poor adjustment were more likely to draw on external supports to complete tasks for them. The implications of these findings for people with chronic neurological illnesses and their families are discussed.<br /

Gradient bandgap narrowing in severely deformed ZnO nanoparticles

Gradient nanostructured metallic materials with a gradual change of grain boundary and dislocation density display unprecedent mechanical properties. Herein, we uncover a gradient of point defects concentration and concomitant gradient bandgap (E g) narrowing in metal oxide nanoparticles processed by a combination of severe shearing and frictional sliding deformation. Using the valence electron-energy loss spectroscopy technique, we find a gradual decrease of E g from 2.93 eV in the interior to 2.43 eV at the edge of the high-pressure torsion processed ZnO flake-shaped particle. This work paves the way to strain engineering of gradient-structured metal oxide semiconductors for unique functional properties